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There are many options when it comes to non-destructive testing (NDT), but the inability of existing options for 3D printed metal parts to provide accurate and reliable NDT results has almost made metal fabricators embrace this incredible capability. Technology. excessive costs; Poor test speeds and reliable results when testing more complex geometries do not give manufacturers the confidence they desperately need when producing end-user parts for applications where failure is simply not an option.
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However, there is a solution. Reliable, brought to you by UK-based Theta Technologies. Inexpensive NDT equipment. Their unique nonlinear resonance technology is designed to meet the component inspection challenges facing the additive manufacturing (AM) industry. Finally, it offers AM manufacturers the benefits they need to unlock its true potential.
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It’s no surprise that 3D printing continues to be used as a manufacturing method. The already vast potential for polymers and plastics to create literally anything opens up many design possibilities for manufacturers. more organic; The production of lightweight and complex geometric components certainly fueled the technology’s popularity; But this exceptional performance has led to growing frustration in the industry, particularly for metals production.
Companies trying to convince their customers of the effectiveness of 3D printing compared to traditional metal fabrication methods have proven to be one of the biggest challenges. Unfortunately, This problem is not something that can be solved by the manufacturers themselves. This can only be achieved by implementing a robust quality assurance process in metal insert manufacturing and performing appropriate destructive testing.
Non-destructive testing is essential for manufacturers of components designed for applications where failure may have unimaginable consequences. spaceship defense automobile There are many industries such as medical and power generation. Nondestructive testing allows manufacturers of these components to identify defects before they become a problem.
Defects can take many forms. voids and pores; tapping Dirt and cracks are the most common in many materials. However, There are some common defects in composites, including the star materials discussed as part of this study. In addition to the aforementioned shortcomings, Metal AM components are free/trapped dust; no binding; Resistance to cracking and deformation can affect the integrity of components and their ability to withstand the stresses of use.
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Theta Technologies’ unique non-destructive testing technology is coming to market in 2022 as its first commercial product, the RD1-TT. Nonlinear resonance derived from nonlinear acoustics is designed to provide a fast and reliable testing solution for metal insert manufacturers, capable of testing all 3D printed metal parts susceptible to defects.
The technique uses microscopic failure behavior in samples to help identify signs of defects. The entire component is excited at resonance using multiple signal sources, and the detector system evaluates the nonlinearity. The signature of the component is closely monitored during the excitation process, and defective samples will exhibit an amplitude-dependent frequency response. If this response exhibits non-linear characteristics. The segment is defective.
The nature of the technology means that more complex geometries already achieved through 3D printing can be experimented with, without compromising the surface roughness inherent in additive manufacturing and working independently without the need for “known” reference samples. in fact, The RD1-TT and Nonlinear Resonance have impressive evidence in testing of the components that have been developed:
The advantages of the technology are unmatched and now mean that 3D printing can be used as a reliable NDT solution as a metal fabrication method. Some of the most common destructive test options are shown in comparison below (Figure A).
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Let’s face it, Adopting new technologies can often be difficult. Take 3D printing for example. Although it was introduced in the mid-1980s, it took a long time before it was taken seriously as a viable production technology. in fact, It was not widely adopted until nearly two decades later.
As technology advances, new opportunities arise, and Nonlinear Resonance NDT is poised to support additive manufacturers who want to take the technology to the next level – producing complex, mass-produced parts for safety-critical and demanding applications; . .
Theta Technologies understands the challenges of relying on new technologies and has worked with many customers and project partners to validate inefficient non-resonance for additive manufacturing. RD1-TT has consistently proven to provide impressive error detection credentials. complex integrated valves; Nickel superlight turbine blades and popular complex 3D printed heat exchangers are just a few of the components that have been used in many successful linear resonance NDT processes. RD1-TT by Theta Technologies; It is currently being used as part of a wider project partnership between aerospace and defense titans BAE Systems and AMRC North West.
The latest work to put nonlinear resonance NDT under the microscope is a collaborative project between Theta Technologies and the French National Metrology Institute (NMI), Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE). ISO/ASTM Standardization Joint Group JG59 Standard Group NDT Destructive Test Methods for AM Components. RD1-TT will be tasked with testing 3D printed metallic star artefacts produced by LNE at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the US. LNE-NIST challenged Theta Technologies to detect possible defects in samples using nonlinear resonance NDT.
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As part of the study, Theta Technologies used a small sample of geometries (see above) to help develop the ISO/ASTM industry standard as a test geometry for non-destructive testing. Samples measuring approx. 60 mm x 45 mm; Cobalt-chromium has been produced by laser powder bed fusion and previously by several conventional non-destructive testing methods (discussed below).
Non-destructive testing provides varying degrees of success when testing composite star materials. Ability to determine defect type and location; Low size limitations and real-time imaging; Although there are some clear advantages such as selective screening methods and X-ray CT scanning. Additional fabricated samples proved unsuitable for testing. long component construction requirements; geometric constraints; inefficiency for mass production; High levels of experience and surface roughness limitations contribute to the failure of existing NDT methods to provide reliable results for metallic AM components.
Unlike other methods, Nonlinear resonance makes direct measurements of the nonlinearity present in individual components, eliminating the need for reference sections. ideal Since a defect-free component exhibits zero non-linearity, Judgments can be made with a few samples.
Experiments on interstellar material were performed using RD1-TT, which employs an excitation source and laser measuring instrument. The nonlinear resonance results are summarized as a “damage index” metric that helps determine the severity of failure in the specimens. After sending the samples, Visible cracks were found on the surface of the NIST3 and NIST4 labeled starcraft samples, but none could be seen in the NIST2 labeled starcraft sample. This means that samples damaged during testing should show signs of non-linearity in response.
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A key component of non-linear resonant testing is repeatable measurement, which validates results for multiple tests of the same component. The results were then plotted against the damage index for each repeatability test. As shown in the results (Figure B), there is a clear difference in the damage index for each sample. Samples identified as defective prior to the combination of visual inspection and previous destructive testing are expected to record higher damage index results. The NIST2 sample recorded the lowest level of no visible surface defects and revealed no significant defects that would affect the integrity of the component.
The main purpose of nonlinear resonance testing is to determine if a component is defective. but to decide whether Additional information is also obtained as part of the procedure. Linear dimensions are related to material properties and dimensional differences. Samples can be sorted by size and this information is sent to the customer. This measurement proves particularly useful for manufacturers who have limited tolerance for changes in the size and shape of their products.
